決定詞

決定詞にはthe, a,an,my, someなど文法的に類似したことばがあります。これらは名詞句のはじめに置かれ、通常は同じ名詞句内で一つ以上の決定詞を使用できません。

冠詞:

a, an, the

所有代名詞:

my, your, his, her, our, their

その他の決定詞:

each, every
either, neither
any, some, no
much, many; more, most
little, less, least
few, fewer, fewest
what, whatever; which, whichever
both, half, all
several
enough

A, An or The

冠詞
定冠詞	不定冠詞
the	a, an

"定冠詞"は確かで明確な事柄を表現するときに用いる。

"不定冠詞"は確かでない不明確な事柄で数えられる名詞（可算名詞）単数形に用いる。

夜空を思う時、一つの月と数えきれない程の星があります。そんな時に通常は下記のように冠詞を使います。明確な事を述べるときはthe、一つの一般的な事を述べるときには a,anを用います。:

I saw the moon last night.
I saw a star last night.

下記の小ストーリーはtheとa, anの違いを理解する助けになります。:

A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that she liked in a shop. She asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said: "Do you think the shop will accept a cheque(check)? I don't have a credit card."

例文:

the	a, an
The capital of France is Paris. I have found the book that I lost. Have you cleaned the car? There are six eggs in the fridge. Please switch off the TV when you finish.	I was born in a town. John had an omelette for lunch. James Bond ordered a drink. We want to buy an umbrella. Have you got a pen?

the,a/an はよく同じ単語に使われます。下記のような状況による使い方例文があります。:

We want to buy an umbrella. (明確な傘ではない。)
Where is the umbrella? (すでに持っている傘を探すので、明確な傘になる。)

Each, Every

Each とeveryは類似しているが、常に同じ意味ではない。

Each = それぞれ別の
Every = それぞれ、すべての

eachとeveryが同じ意味になることがあります。:

Prices go up each year.
Prices go up every year.

正確に同じにはならないことがある。

Each は個性を強調して「一つずつ」の考えを表現する。

Everyは数えられる名詞の単数形に付けたり、大きな全体の部分に用います。

参考例文:

Every artist is sensitive.
Each artist sees things differently.
Every soldier saluted as the President arrived.
The President gave each soldier a medal.

Eachを動詞の前に置く:

The soldiers each received a medal.

Eachを'of'の前に置く:

The President spoke to each of the soldiers.
He gave a medal to each of them.

Everyは2つの事に使用することができない。 2つの事の場合はeachを用いる:

He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.

Everyはどの位の割りで何かが起こるかを言う時に用いる:

There is a plane to Bangkok every day.
The bus leaves every hour.

動詞に付く"each"と"every"は常に単数で活用される。

Some, Any

Some = a little（多少の）a few（少しの） a small number（何人かの）a small amout（いくらかの）

Any = one（少しの[否定文で]少しの．．も[～ない]） some（何らかの[否定文で]どんな．．も[～ない]）all（どの[どんな]．．でも）

	some	any	例
+	I have some money.		I have $10.
-		I don't have any money.	I don't have $1 and I don't have $10 and I don't have $1,000,000. I have $0.
?		Do you have any money?	Do you have $1 or $10 or $1,000,000?

例文:

He needs some stamps.
I must go. I have some homework to do.
I'm thirsty. I want something to drink.
I can see somebody coming.

He doesn't need any stamps.
I can stay. I don't have any homework to do.
I'm not thirsty. I don't want anything to drink.
I can't see anybody coming.

Does he need any stamps?
Do you have any homework to do?
Do you want anything to drink?
Can you see anybody coming?

anyは本当の感覚が否定的であるときに肯定的な文で使われる。

I refused to give them any money. (I did not give them any money)
She finished the test without any difficulty. (she did not have any difficulty)

someは肯定的な"YES"を期待したときに疑問文で使われる。（答はすでに分かっていると思うが、質問する。）

Would you like some more tea?
Could I have some sugar, please?

something/anything ,somebody/anybodyはsome/anyと同じ方法で使われます。